Pesquisa com veneno de aranha pode gerar remédio para disfunção erétil

Repórter Capixaba Brasil 191

A picada da aranha armadeira pode provocar, nos homens, o priapismo. Trata-se de uma ereção involuntária e dolorosa que, se não for tratada, pode levar à necrose do pênis em alguns casos. No laboratório, porém, cientistas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) e da Fundação Ezequiel Dias (Funed) mostraram que o veneno desse aracnídeo pode ser manipulado em favor da saúde e levar a um novo medicamento para disfunção erétil, com algumas vantagens em relação aos já existentes no mercado. A biotecnologia desenvolvida já foi licenciada pela empresa Biozeus, que dará sequência ao projeto.

De origem sul-americana, a aranha armadeira é bem distribuída no sudeste brasileiro, tanto em áreas rurais como em áreas urbanas. Conhecida cientificamente como Phoneutria nigriventer, ela é também chamada popularmente de aranha-de-bananeira por ser constantemente encontrada em cachos de bananas. Seu veneno é extremamente potente e pode provocar a morte de pequenos mamíferos. A picada em humanos não é incomum.

Segundo dados preliminares do Ministério de Saúde, o país registrou no ano passado 171.576 acidentes com animais peçonhentos. A maioria dos casos está relacionados com escorpiões. Foram 90.026 registros. Os episódios com aranhas vêm em segundo lugar e envolvem 28.799 notificações, das quais 14% se relacionavam com a aranha armadeira. A maioria dos acidentes ocorre quando a espécie se esconde entre entulhos ou busca abrigo nas residências, misturando-se às roupas e aos sapatos.

A pesquisa da UFMG e da Funed teve início há mais de dez anos, quando a molécula responsável pelo priapismo – a toxina PnTx(2-6) – foi isolada do restante das substâncias do veneno. Os primeiros estudos buscaram mostrar o processo pelo qual essa molécula levava à ereção. A toxina mostrou atividade nos canais para sódio, que são altamente distribuídos pelo organismo e presentes, por exemplo, no sistema nervoso e nos músculos do coração.

“Nós começamos a estudar qual a parte da toxina atuava nesses canais, para que pudéssemos removê-la. Ao final, dos 48 resíduos de aminoácido que compõem a toxina, nós selecionamos um grupo de 19 aminoácidos e eliminamos o resto. E a partir desse estudo, pudemos sintetizar o peptídeo PnPP 19. Aí, já não era mais a molécula do veneno. Era outra molécula produzida em laboratório”, explica a pesquisadora Maria Elena de Lima Perez Garcia, do departamento de química e neurologia da UFMG.

O peptídeo PnPP 19 foi testado em ratos, onde foi verificada a ereção sem os efeitos indesejados. “Para nossa surpresa, ele não mostrou toxicidade nenhuma nos animais. E também não foi imunogênico, isto é, o organismo não produziu anticorpos contra a substância. Observamos que não houve nenhuma outra alteração no tecido do pênis além da ereção. E também não houve ação nos canais para sódio no restante do organismo”, relata Maria Elena.

Medicamentos

Os testes com a nova molécula vêm sendo conduzidos pela pesquisadora Carolina Nunes Silva, que desenvolve seu doutorado em cima da pesquisa. Ela acredita que um medicamento com base no peptídeo, por ter um mecanismo diferente, poderia atender pacientes com contraindicação aos que hoje estão em circulação, como o Viagra ou o Cialis.

“O grande problema do Viagra é que ele não pode ser usado por pessoas que tem problemas cardiovasculares. E, pelo que vimos, um medicamento a partir do peptídeo não teria esse problema. Nós fizemos testes isolados nos corações dos ratos e também em canais pra sódio expressos exclusivamente no miocárdio e não foi observada nenhuma ação”, diz a pesquisadora. Ela avalia ainda que é possível imaginar medicamentos que combinem as duas drogas. “O efeito aditivo pode atender a pacientes que não sejam tão responsivos ao Viagra”, acrescenta.

Resultados mais recentes mostraram que o peptídeo estimulou a ereção em ratos com diabetes ou hipertensão, enfermidades que podem provocar a disfunção erétil. A molécula também não provocou alteração na pressão arterial dos roedores. Essa é uma boa notícia para muitas pessoas diabéticas e hipertensas com contraindicação ao Viagra ou ao Cialis, pois são medicamentos que podem amplificar a vasodilatação e levar a quedas acentuadas e perigosas da pressão arterial.

Um medicamento a partir do peptídeo PnPP 19 possivelmente não geraria esse efeito indesejado. “Os avanços da pesquisa nos animam. Quando começamos os estudos, era mais pela curiosidade em entender a farmacologia do veneno. Pela toxicidade da substância, não imaginava que íamos chegar a um medicamento e hoje estamos caminhando nessa direção. Confesso que foi praticamente um golpe de sorte, porque quando passamos a trabalhar com os 19 aminoácidos, a molécula deixou de ser tóxica e, ao mesmo tempo, continuou ativando a ereção sem nenhum efeito secundário. Tem uma dose de conhecimento, mas também uma dose de sorte”, diz Maria Elena.

Patente

A UFMG detém a patente da biotecnologia que desenvolveu o peptídeo PnPP 19. Em dezembro de 2016, foi feita a transferência de tecnologia para a Biozeus, que passou a ter os direitos de exploração da molécula. A empresa, que existe desde 2012, promove a articulação entre as instituições científicas e as indústrias farmacêuticas.

“Nós mapeamos estudos com potencial para gerar fármacos que atendam a uma necessidade médica global. E fazemos os ensaios que podem comprovar a viabilidade do produto. A indústria hoje busca minimizar riscos. Então, ela evita realizar as primeiras fases dos testes, que envolvem uma aposta financeira alta. Atualmente, ela prefere licenciar projetos mais desenvolvidos. Aí, entra a nossa empresa”, explica Perla Borges, analista de projetos da Biozeus.

Alguns testes mais complexos e mais caros estão sendo realizados no exterior. Se as etapas ocorrerem dentro do esperado, o produto pode chegar ao mercado em 2023. Os ensaios pré-clínicos com animais levariam mais dois anos. Os testes clínicos com humanos demandariam aproximadamente quatro anos, parte deles desenvolvidos pela Biozeus e outra pela indústria que vier a se interessar pelo remédio.

A Biozeus está estudando a melhor formulação. Uma das possibilidades é o desenvolvimento de um medicamento para aplicação tópica, como pomada, gel, creme ou adesivo. Testes preliminares na UFMG mostraram que a aplicação do peptídeo na pele dos ratos provocou ereção. Um remédio com essas características, além de reduzir bastante os riscos de efeitos adversos, pode obter uma tramitação mais rápida nos órgãos de saúde.

 

Fonte: Agência Brasil

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