Seis de maio: Dia Nacional da Distonia – doença ainda é pouco conhecida

Conheça mais sobre a doença, que é de díficil diagnóstico e pode comprometer tarefas cotidianas

distonia
Casos no Brasil chegam a 65 mil pessoas. Falta de informação pode levar ao preconceito e à discriminação ao paciente

Nesta sexta-feira, 6 de maio, é celebrado o Dia Nacional de Conscientização sobre a Distonia, síndrome neurológica que afeta cerca de 65 mil brasileiros, de acordo com o Ministério da Saúde. Por ser pouco conhecida, o diagnóstico pode ser confundido com outras patologias e, quando tardio, provoca mudanças e incapacidades significativas na vida do paciente. “A prevalência ainda é subestimada pois o diagnóstico muitas vezes nem sequer é feito, como na cãibra do escrivão, provavelmente a distonia focal mais comum”, afirma a Prof.ª Dra.Elizabeth Quagliato, neurologista e docente da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP).

Além de afetar o dia a dia do paciente, ela interfere ainda na autoestima do indivíduo. “O preconceito é frequente, pois os movimentos involuntários às vezes podem ser confundidos com doenças que afetam a capacidade intelectual e o comportamento”, explica o também neurologista Dr. Henrique Ballalai Ferraz, professor do Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP).

No mundo, a incidência chega a até sete mil casos para cada milhão de habitantes e o Maestro João Carlos Martins, que possui uma forma de distonia nas mãos, é um caso famoso. Confira abaixo sete informações importantes sobre a distonia:

O QUE É DISTONIA?

Distonia é uma condição neurológica caracterizada por movimentos involuntários decorrentes de uma contração muscular que podem levar a deslocamentos de partes do corpo, ocasionando muita dor. Estes movimentos são usualmente repetitivos e podem levar a posturas anormais. Pode afetar qualquer parte do corpo (rosto, pescoço, tronco, membros). Por suas características, muitas vezes a distonia é confundida com outras doenças e até mesmo com tiques nervosos. Esses movimentos involuntários podem prejudicar desde atos simples como escovar os dentes e amarrar calçados, ou até mesmo andar e movimentar o corpo como um todo.

DISTONIA É TIQUE NERVOSO?

Não, tiques são estereotipados e parcialmente controlados pela vontade enquanto os movimentos provocados pela distonia não são controlados pela pessoa e tem uma duração maior.

QUAIS SÃO AS SUAS CAUSAS?

Em 2/3 dos casos nenhum fator desencadeante ou causa pode ser definida. Esta é a chamada “Distonia Idiopática”. Nos demais casos, é chamada de “Distonia Secundária” e pode ser ocasionada devido à exposição a algumas drogas (antipsicóticos na maioria das vezes), lesões cerebrais (isquemias, traumatismo), transtornos metabólicos, etc.

QUAIS SÃO OS TIPOS DE DISTONIA EXISTENTES?

Existem quatro formas de apresentação da distonia. Quando os espasmos involuntários afetam apenas uma parte do corpo, como olhos, pescoço, braços ou pernas, tratam-se de DISTONIAS FOCAIS . Quando duas partes são afetadas, são as chamadas DISTONIAS SEGMENTARES . Em casos em que um lado inteiro do corpo é acometido, trata-se de HEMIDISTONIA. Já a forma mais grave da doença é a DISTONIA GENERALIZADA , que acomete todo o corpo do paciente.

O QUE ELA PROVOCA NA VIDA DO PACIENTE?

Nos casos mais leves controlados por medicamentos, pouco afeta as tarefas do dia a dia. Porém, nos casos moderados ou graves tende a gerar posturas anormais e provoca ainda incapacitações significativas como impossibilidade de andar, escrever, comer sozinho, tomar banho etc. No blefaroespasmo, que é uma distonia focal caracterizada pelo fechamento dos olhos, o paciente fica incapacitado para atravessar uma rua, por exemplo.

QUEM PODE TER DISTONIA?

A distonia pode se manifestar em diferentes idades, mas na maioria dos casos a doença tem início entre os 40 e 60 anos. É mais comum em mulheres do que em homens – cerca de três casos entre elas para cada homem diagnosticado.

COMO A DISTONIA É TRATADA?

A distonia pode ser tratada com medicamentos, chamados de anticolinérgicos, nas formas generalizadas. Nas formas focais faz-se aplicação de Toxina Botulínica A, feita diretamente no músculo acometido para inibir a contração involuntária. Além disso, a substância é capaz de diminuir a dor e devolve a possibilidade de retomar movimentos antes limitados.

Atualmente, o SUS fornece o tratamento com Toxina Botulínica A gratuitamente para a população brasileira. Diversos centros de excelência espalhados pelo país, como o Hospital das Clínicas e o Hospital São Paulo, na capital paulista, proporcionam a aplicação medicamentosa, feita, em média, com um intervalo de 5 meses entre elas.

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